Solving Problems

Discussion through works of art encourage how to approach ambiguous and complex ideas, thoughts, and feelings. The MFAH offers a democratic space where students and teachers can develop, practice and articulate these habits of mind. Remember that the quality of the conversation is what is important, not finding the artist’s “answer.” Slow down and take the time to make careful observations. Talk about what you notice, and try to avoid jumping to conclusions and interpretations. Be sure to give enough time for silent looking and thinking.

Work of Art

By the 1890s, the American cowboy had become a national folk hero.  Frederic Remington’s paintings, sculptures, and illustrations combine the realism and romance of the cowboy and the West.  In Aiding a Comrade, Remington has chosen a scene of high drama.  One interpretation of this painting is that, while riding, a cowboy has fallen from this horse.  His companions attempt to help him and prevent him from being trampled by their horses.  The artist leaves the fate of the rider unclear.  However, in knowing the painting’s original title, Past All Surgery, Remington incorporates an element of fatalism and indicates that the fallen cowboy, beyond all help, may be doomed to be killed by the pursuing Plains Indians.

Remington focuses on the group of men and horses in the foreground.  The brown horses turn outward, framing the central figure, who is further accentuated by the cloud of white dust behind him.  The artist’s attention to detail is apparent in the depiction of the men, their clothing, and their riding equipment.  Remington creates a convincing illusion of deep space through perspective – he paints the Indians much smaller, with less detail, and with faded colors.  Remington’s colors are natural and strong; small touches of blue, cream, tan, and yellow on the ground suggest the shimmer of the hot sunlight.  The quick, short brushstrokes show the influence of French Impressionism, which emphasized color, shadow, and light.  For additional information about Impressionism, see Gustave Caillebotte’s The Orange Trees.

Perhaps no other artist is as closely identified with the depiction of the American West as Frederic Remington.  Born in upstate New York in 1861, the son of a newspaper editor and Civil War soldier, Remington was fascinated with the tales his father told of battles and soldierly camaraderie.  He briefly studied art at Yale University and at the Art Students League in New York.  In 1881, Remington took his first trip to the West.  In the following year, he moved to Kansas where he bought and ran a sheep ranch.

In 1884 Remington returned to New York, where he began selling his sketches to publishers of illustrated magazines.  He soon became a leading illustrator of Western subjects, and one of the most sought-after magazine illustrators in America.  His reputation was such that when Theodore Roosevelt wrote a series of articles on ranching and hunting in the West, he chose Remington to illustrate them.

During the 1880s, Remington turned his attention from illustration to painting and sculpture.  Aiding a Comrade is an excellent example of the work for which he is best known.

Sensing that there was a side of America that was still artistically unchartered. Frederic Remington traveled west many times to report for magazines, make sketches, and buy props, such as boots and hats, for his studio.  He exhibited Aiding a Comrade with the American Art Association in New York in 1890.  It was during this show that critics positioned him not only as an artist, but as a historian and ethnographer.  The narrative quality of his work gained him a reputation as a pictorial recorder of the passing American West.

Conversation

• Observe the figures in the foreground.Describe their clothing, riding equipment, facial expressions, horses, and implied actions. Name the men and their horses. Why did you choose those names?

• Compare those figures with what is portrayed in the background.

• How does the artist use aspects of perspective to create an illusion of deep space between the cowboys and the Plains Indians?

• Describe the colors and the color scheme.Why might the artist have chosen such a limited color palette?

• How do the artist’s brushstrokes differ throughout the painting?What types of textures do they evoke?

• Where is the center of interest? How does the artist use color, space, and line to direct your eye to that area?

• This center of interest could be compared to the climax in a novel or story map.Discuss and develop a possible story map for this work of art including characters, setting, conflict, and resolution.

• Predict what could possibly happen next. Support your prediction with evidence from the painting. How does your knowledge of history affect your interpretation?

• What title might you give this work of art? Why?

• The artist, Frederick Remington, originally entitled this work of art: Past All Surgery.How does that affect your thoughts about what might have happened next?However, the title it bears today is: Aiding a Comrade. Does that change your perspective of the work of art? How and why?

• Discuss each work of art as presenting a set of problems for the artists to solve. For example, how did Remington and the Roman sculptor arrange many figures in a clear composition?  How did Kauffman express Ariadne’s feelings? How did Corot represent the underworld?
• List of two or three problems each artist had to solve. Does the size of the work impact these problems?
• Were the artists’ solutions to these problems successful?  Why or why not?  Discuss other ways in which each artist could have solved the problems.

• Assess the time period, location, and climate shown in this painting through Remington’s representation of terrain, dress, and people. Support your thoughts with historical, geographical, and scientific facts.

• Draw conclusions about what the various people in this painting might be thinking.Is empathy being demonstrated? How?

• Frederick Remington exhibited Aiding a Comrade at an 1890 exhibition in New York where critics claimed he was not only an artist, but also a historian and ethnographer (someone who studies people and cultures). Conclude why critics would claim that. Elaborate using evidence from the painting. Do you agree? Why or why not?

• In the study of history, would this work of art be considered a primary or secondary source? Explain your position.

• Perhaps no other artist is as closely connected with the depiction of the American West as Frederick Remington. Research some of the over 200 works of art that The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston owns by visiting the collections in the MFAH Beck Building, Bayou Bend, or online at mfah.org. How do these collections reflect American history?

• How might this event be different in a rendering of it today? Explain.

Subject Matter

Assessment

• Record the dimensions of the work of art. Round the numbers to the nearest whole number and estimate area and perimeter. Then calculate the actual area and perimeter.

• How does the actual area and perimeter compare to the original prediction estimation?

Resources

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