•  Make a list of animals native to Africa.  Research their physical and behavioral characteristics.

•  Have students select an animal that has qualities with which they identify.  Sketch the animals.

•  Demonstrate the papier-mâché method of making masks.  Have students construct and paint the papier-mâché masks representing their animal.

(see Art Lessons: Making Papier Mâché Masks, pg. 2)

• Describe the textures, shapes, and materials in this artwork. Do you think it would be hard or soft to the touch? Heavy or light to wear?
• Discuss symmetry and variety in this work. Which concept is more prevalent?
• Which elements of the headdress suggest movement?
• How would you describe the use of shape and patterning in this headdress? How might these reflect nature?
• Is the object’s use clear from careful observation? Are there any signs that point to its use as a headdress during important celebrations?
• Look closely at the way the animal is rendered. What can you guess about the animal, just from looking at this headdress? What characteristics has the artist emphasized?

• Imagine how this headdress might have been worn by a dancer. How might it have transformed them? What effect would this performance have on spectators?
• How has the artist captured and emphasized the defining aspects of the pangolin?
• Keeping in mind the behaviors and cultural meaning of the pangolin in Ekpeye life, why do you think that the pangolin was chosen for this headdress? What symbolism might it have?
• How might this object change if it were created out of a different material? For example, pangolins were considered the “blacksmiths” of the animal world, agents of transformation and change just like human blacksmiths, who transform ore into metal iron. Why would the artist not have made this headdress out of iron? What effect does the wood and paint have on the overall object?
• Consider this object’s symbolism, as well as its use in public celebrations. Would you say that this object is functional, decorative, or both?
• What does this headdress tell you about the importance of art in everyday life in Ekpeye society? How does this compare and contrast to the role of art in your own society?

Pronounce Ekpeye:  Eck’-peh-yeh

 

The pangolin, also called a scaly anteater, is a mammal native to Asia and Africa, is an anteater, but covered with hard sales.  When threatened, pangolins roll themselves into a ball with their scales outside for protection.  This headdress, carved to resemble a pangolin, was worn by an Ekpeye man during an annual three-day celebration of feasting and dancing.

 

Southeastern Nigeria is one of the most important art-producing areas of Africa.  This sculpture exhibits a careful observation of nature, combined with an interest in the pattern formed by the rows of carved scales.

 

Though large in size, the headdress was carved from lightweight wood and is hollowed out to make it even lighter and easier to wear.  Each of the pangolin’s scales and long front claws is carved individually and attached with pegs.

 

Headdresses like this one are made by members of the Egbukere society, the primary men’s association of the Ekpeye people.  The association’s major celebration each year is a three-day event during the dry season that features feasting and vigorous dancing wearing large headdresses.  Because the pangolin resembles both a reptile and a mammal, the Ekpeye regard it as a special creature existing in two separate worlds and as a symbol of transformation.  The Ekpeye regard the blacksmith as holding a similar place among humans: he magically transforms earth (iron ore) into metal (iron).  Thus, the pangolin is the blacksmith of the animal world.  For additional information about masks from other cultures, see the Bamileke Elephant Mask.