This work of art could be used to have an open discussion on personal bias. It is important for students to understand that their personal background and preconceived notions could influence the way they view a work of art or data that is presented to them.

• Observe the work using the Conversation Starters at mfah.org.
• Import the image from mfah.org and write words, phrases or images that reflect the cultural heritage of the sitter across the vibrant red background.
• Compare these aspects of Chicano heritage to a culture that is currently being studied. What word, phrases, or images would be added or deleted on the background reflecting that culture?
• Choose a significant individual from that cultural period, Research the figure. Add more words and phrases, to the background,  that represent accomplishments, contributions, and heritage of the figure.
• Create a written, oral or visual presentation from this research that showcases the impact this historical figure had on his/her cultural heritage.

• What do you notice about the colors in this painting? How would the image change if the artist used more naturalistic colors?
• Notice the composition. Would the impact of the image change if the figure was larger? Smaller?

• Consider the mood of the painting. How might the artist’s color choices contribute to this feeling?
• What associations might one have with the color red? Yellow? Green? How do these associations contribute to a feeling of intensity within the work? 

The colors used in the image and the ambiguity, in terms of ethnicity, in the image make this work of art a great tool for students to begin addressing their personal biases when viewing a work of art. I think it would help foster an open conversation about how you perceive others and WHY you might think the way you do.

Cesar A. Martinez’s Bato con Sunglasses presents a vividly hued portrait against a contrasting, equally rich background. The figure sits in the bottom half of the square canvas with the background dominating a large portion of the composition.  The intense, warm red color-block extends upward until interrupted by a band of russet red at the very top. Martinez’s choppy, swirling brushstrokes utilized for the background create a heavily textured surface around the central figure. Rendered with varying shades of bright yellow, lime green, and an inky blue-black, the figure sits in stark contrast with the surrounding field of red. A green outline serves as a barrier between foreground and background. Seen from the shoulders up in bust-length fashion, the male figure faces the viewer with shoulders square. Martinez highlighted the man’s face with lemon yellow and used varying shades of green to form subtle shadows. The figure holds a confident expression with his eyes gazing out from behind dark-tinted sunglasses. The deep shadow found in the sunglasses, slicked back hair, and flannel shirt create a visual rhythm leading the viewer’s eye around the figure. The high-contrast shading in the face suggests a strong light source directly overhead. There are few indications to the figure’s identity.    

The captivated quality of Bato con Sunglasses is by design: “The operative word has always been ‘effectiveness.’ I'm interested in effectiveness … sometimes people have made these wonderful comments about how stunning the work is, and I said, ‘I planned it that way.’ If it dazzles you, it's because I made it dazzle.” [1] This statement from the artist in an interview reflects the confidence and intention that can be observed in the painting.

This striking work is one of many in the Batos series created by one of the most important living Chicano artists, Cesar A. Martinez.  Born in Laredo, Texas, Martinez enjoyed visiting family often in Nuevo Leon, Mexico, and this cross-cultural interaction is reflected in his work. Martínez attended Laredo Junior College and earned a BS degree in art education from Texas A&M University, Kingsville.[2]

In this series titled “Bato,” meaning “guy” or “dude” in Chicano slang, Martinez reveals how he developed his visual language:

“Probably the most effective images that I have come up with have been from recollections that I have reconstructed not exactly as I saw them, because it wouldn't work, but I would kind of like merge characters, make composites, sort of like [how] a writer comes up with a character that is based on real people, only this was a visual thing. And that is how it developed. Very few of the work from that series is actually real likenesses of real people, but it's the essence of real people. And I was also very consciously … trying to come up with characters that were very specific, but at the same time also very universal to the Chicano experience.”

Thus, Bato con Sunglasses can be seen as a distillation of likenesses rather than a specific portrait. In addition to the main inspiration found in his Chicano culture, Martinez was deeply impacted by the work of photographer Richard Avedon, with the stark composition of the artist’s images suggesting "the individual's unique characteristics [and his] loneliness in the world.[3]" Similarly, Martinez was influenced by color field painting, a style of abstract painting that seeks to center color as subject, as well as Alberto Giacometti, with his use of heavy texture in his sculptures.[4] We can see these influences referenced in the dominant, textural red background that isolates the figure, the band of russet red at the top of the image, along with the vibrant coloration used to render the man. Here, the colors and the sculptural rendering of the figure become the focus. While this is not a particular portrait, Martinez is presenting, as he says, a character that is very specific but at the same time universal to the Chicano experience.