Joseph Mallord William Turner is generally regarded as one of the most important landscape painters of the 19th century. He began his career at the British Royal Academy of Art at the age of fourteen. There he discovered his talent for landscape. He became a full member of the Academy by the age of 29 and later a professor. Although he is commonly known for his oil paintings, he is considered one of the great masters of British watercolor painting. Turner was successful early on, selling enough work to financially secure his future, thereby allowing him to travel and attempt new painting styles. As he grew older, Turner became reclusive and eccentric, which is evident in his later style, in which form becomes less recognizable and color and mood dominate.
Sheerness as Seen from the Nore depicts a scene as viewed from the great Nore anchorage for naval and merchant ships at the confluence of the Thames and Medway Rivers. The sun rises majestically over the scene, lighting the brilliant sky and swirling clouds with bursting colors of yellow, gray, and gold. The dark tonality of the work is contrasted by the animated sea, where each rolling crest and trough of the ocean rocks the boats. Standing guard in the background, an old man-o-war ship is silhouetted against the dawn. The early sunlight spreads across the distant shoreline to the Kentish town of Sheerness. A small fishing boat in the right forefront of the painting looks as if it is going to be swallowed by the turbulent swells of the ocean. Turner probably viewed this scene from a small boat, similar to the one in the painting, allowing him to create the picture from a low viewpoint and adding to its overall feeling of immediacy.
Early on, Turner was greatly influenced by the seascapes and landscapes of 17th-century Dutch artists and the Italianate landscapes by artists such as Claude Lorrain (1604–1682). His first oils, such as Sheerness as Seen from the Nore, are somber in color, but reveal his preoccupation with the vivid effects of light, weather, and sky. English art critic John Ruskin described Turner as the artist who could most “stirringly and truthfully measure the moods of nature.” His distinctive style of painting, using watercolor technique with oil paints, allowed him to create lightness, fluency, and ephemeral effects. He achieved this by saturating the canvas with wet paint and applying layers upon layers of pigment while working frenziedly to produce form.
In 1805 Napoleon Bonaparte declared war on England. On October 21 of that same year, the British Royal Navy won the most significant naval battle of the Napoleonic Wars, the Battle of Trafalgar, which dramatically confirmed the naval supremacy that Britain had established during the 18th century and ended any possible threat of invasion by France.
Although England won the battle, the country lost its most important war hero, Admiral Horatio Nelson. Along with all of England, Turner mourned this loss and traveled to the town of Sheerness to pay respects to Nelson’s remains aboard his ship the HMS Victory, which was initially docked on the Nore. Here Turner made several composites of the scene and the anchored ship, making reference to the HMS Victory and the revered Admiral Nelson.
